Michael Faraday essays

Michael Faraday papers It was September 22, 1791. Europe was amidst a mechanical upheaval. Machine-made items were supplanting handicrafts. This was grievous for the blacksmithing James Faraday. For his entire life he had attempted to turn into an extraordinary metal forger yet now he discovered his work futile. On this day, the circumstance had become a considerably more prominent test. Margaret Faraday brought forth Michael Faraday, her third child. The Faraday family had a place with a strict gathering called the Sandemanians. The Sandemanians accepted individuals ought not make religion too intellectualized. Interestingly, they thought Gods works were easy to comprehend. These standards may have influenced their attitude toward Michaels fleeting early training. At age fourteen, he turned into an understudy to a bookbinder. This allowed him a chance to figure out how to peruse. Furthermore, he used the circumstance to develop and afterward fulfill an inclination for science. Truth be told, he was so intrigued by science he kept in touch with one of the acclaimed researchers of the day, Sir Humphry Davy of the Royal Institute of Science, and requested an occupation. Dazzled by Michaels intrigue and assurance, Sir Humphry Davy accepting Michael as his research center right hand on March 1, 1813. By and by, he accepted this open door to gain from his environmental factors. He turned out to be a remarkable capable researcher in spite of his unassuming beginnings. Incredibly, Michael Faraday, conceived in a low-class society, had enough assurance to raise himself to the top positions of English science. Strikingly he had the option to remain docile and unassuming in spite of his achievements. His notable achievements were finding chlorine liquefaction, finding benzene, finding electromagnetic and magneto-electric enlistment, and demonstrating that power actuated from a magnet, voltaic power created by a battery, and friction based electricity were no different. Faradays trial to find electromagnetic I... <!

Abraham Lincoln Essay -- essays research papers

Abraham Lincoln, from the boondocks of Hodgenville Kentucky, rose to get probably the best leader of the United States. During his endeavor to keep the Union in the Civil War, he increased more force and authority than any president before him. An astounding lawmaker, Lincoln was constantly viewed for administration for he put reason and attentive choices behind his word.Abraham Lincoln, destined to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hawks on February 12, 1809, was imagined in a log lodge worked by his dad. Abe had one more established sister, and a more youthful sibling that passed on as a baby. The Lincoln family moved a great deal, from Kentucky to Indiana, and back to Kentucky. Abe read a book titled Mason Locke Weems' Life and Memorable Actions of George Washington, this book frantic an enduring impact on him that convinced him for an incredible duration. When he was nineteen Abe arrived at his full developed stature of six feet four inches. He held little occupations, for example, an agent, postmaster and a couple of others through his mid twenties. At that point in 1832 he ran for province up-and-comer against 13 others. Just four were to be chosen and Lincoln completed eighth. In '834 he ran for an agent to the Illinois governing body, at this point Lincoln was notable and he got the election.Abe started to examine law, and in 1836 turned into an authorized lawyer. In 1837 he made his first open remain against bondage, Lincoln maintained a strategic distance from extraordinary abolitionist gatherings however he was significantly against slavery.On November 4, 1842 Lincoln wedded Ma...

Blog Archive Wharton Team-Based Discussion 2017 What to Expect and How to Prepare

Blog Archive Wharton Team-Based Discussion 2017 What to Expect and How to Prepare The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania plans to send out Round 2 interview invitations on February 8, and once again, the school is using its team-based discussion format to evaluate MBA candidates, in place of a traditional business school admissions interview. Understandably, Wharton applicants get anxious about this atypical interview, because the approach creates a very different dynamic from what one usually encounters in a one-on-one meetingâ€"and with other applicants also in the room, one cannot help but feel less in control of the content and direction of the conversation. Yet despite the uncertainty, here are a few things that interviewees can expect: You will need to arrive at the interview with an ideaâ€"a response to a challenge that will be presented in your interview invitation. Having the best idea is much less important than how you interact with others in the group and communicate your thoughts. So while you should prepare an idea ahead of time, that is only part of what you will be evaluated on. Your peers will have prepared their ideas as well. Chances are that ideas will be raised that you know little or nothing about. Do not worry! The admissions committee members are not measuring your topical expertise. Instead, they want to see how you add to the collective output of the team. After the team-based discussion, you will have a short one-on-one session with someone representing Wharton’s admissions team. More than likely, you will be asked to reflect on how the team-based discussion went for you; this will require self-awareness on your part. To give candidates the opportunity to undergo a realistic test run before experiencing the actual event, we created our Wharton Team-Based Discussion Simulation. Via this simulation, applicants participate anonymously with three to five other MBA candidates in an online conversation, which is moderated by two of our experienced Senior Consultants familiar with Wharton’s format and approach. All participants then receive feedback on their performance, with special focus on their interpersonal skills and communication abilities. The simulation builds confidence by highlighting your role in a team, examining how you communicate your ideas toâ€"and withinâ€"a group of (equally talented) peers, and discovering how you react when you are thrown “in the deep end” and have to swim. Our Wharton Team-Based Discussion Simulation allows you to test the experience so you are ready for the real thing! The 2017 Wharton Team-Based Discussion Simulation schedule is as follows: Group A: Sunday, February 12 at 10:00 a.m. ET Group B: Sunday, February 12 at 12:00 p.m. ET Group C: Monday, February 13 at 9:00 p.m. ET Group D: Tuesday, February 14 at 6:00 p.m. ET Group E: Wednesday, February 15 at 6:00 p.m. ET Group F: Friday, February 17 at 4:00 p.m. ET Group G: Sunday, February 19 at 10:00 a.m. ET Group H: Sunday, February 19 at 12:00 p.m. ET Group I: Tuesday, February 21 at 9:00 p.m. ET Group J: Wednesday, February 22 at 9:00 p.m. ET Group K: Friday, February 24 at 4:00 p.m. ET Group L: Sunday, February 26 at 12:00 p.m. ET To learn more or sign up for a session, visit our Wharton Team-Based Discussion Simulation page. Share ThisTweet Business School Managing the MBA Interview mbaMission Events News University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) Blog Archive Wharton Team-Based Discussion 2017 What to Expect and How to Prepare The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania plans to send out Round 1 interview invitations on October 31, and once again, the school is using its team-based discussion format rather than a traditional admissions interview to evaluate its candidates. Understandably, Wharton applicants get anxious about this atypical interview, because the approach creates a very different dynamic from what one usually encounters in a one-on-one meetingâ€"and with other applicants also in the room, one cannot help but feel less in control of the content and direction of the conversation. Yet despite the uncertainty, here are a few things that interviewees can expect: You will need to arrive at the interview with an ideaâ€"a response to a challenge that will be presented in your interview invitation. Having the best idea is much less important than how you interact with others in the group and communicate your thoughts. So while you should prepare an idea ahead of time, that is only part of what you will be evaluated on. Your peers will have prepared their ideas as well. Chances are that ideas will be raised that you know little or nothing about. Do not worry! The admissions committee members are not measuring your topical expertise. Instead, they want to see how you add to the collective output of the team. After the team-based discussion, you will have a short one-on-one session with someone representing Wharton’s admissions team. More than likely, you will be asked to reflect on how the team-based discussion went for you; this will require self-awareness on your part. To give candidates the opportunity to undergo a realistic test run before experiencing the actual event, we created our  Wharton Team-Based Discussion Simulation. Via this simulation, applicants participate anonymously with three to five other MBA candidates in an online conversation, which is moderated by two of our experienced Senior Consultants familiar with Wharton’s format and approach. All participants then receive feedback on their performance, with special focus on their interpersonal skills and communication abilities. The simulation builds confidence by highlighting your role in a team, examining how you communicate your ideas toâ€"and withinâ€"a group of (equally talented) peers, and discovering how you react when you are thrown “in the deep end” and have to swim. Our Wharton Team-Based Discussion Simulation allows you to test the experience so you are ready for the real thing! The 2017 Wharton Team-Based Discussion Simulation Round 1 schedule is as follows: Group A: Saturday, November 4 at 11:00 a.m. ET   Group B: Saturday, November 4 at 2:00 p.m. ET   Group C: Sunday, November 5 at 1:00 p.m. ET   Group D: Monday, November 6 at 6:00 p.m. ET   Group E: Monday, November 6 at 9:00 p.m. ET   Group F: Tuesday, November 7 at 6:00 p.m. ET   Group G: Tuesday, November 7 at 9:00 p.m. ET   Group H: Wednesday, November 8 at 6:00 p.m. ET   Group I: Thursday, November 9 at 6:00 p.m. ET   Group J: Saturday, November 11 at 11:00 a.m. ET   Group K: Saturday, November 11 at 2:00 p.m. ET   Group L: Sunday, November 12 at 11:00 a.m. ET   Group M: Monday, November 13 at 9:00 p.m. ET   Group N: Tuesday, November 14 at 9:00 p.m. ET To learn more or sign up for a session, visit our  Wharton Team-Based Discussion Simulation page. Share ThisTweet Business School Events Interviews Managing the MBA Interview mbaMission Events News University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

Compare and Contrast of Ernest Hemmingway´s A Clean Well...

In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† and Sandra Cisneros’s â€Å"The House on Mango Street†, the authors describe their feelings towards the settings in a similar way. In Hemingway’s short story, two waiters at a cafà © describe the differences in their lives and how they see life before them. In Cisneros’s short story, the narrator explains her past, present, and future places of residency and the impact it has in her life. Both settings in each story are different, but also very much alike, because of the people in the stories and the feeling of want and betterment that you get from both the waiters in â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† and the narrator in â€Å"The House on Mango Street†. In â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†, an old man†¦show more content†¦The House on Mango Street was very small and dilapidated. There was only one bedroom and bathroom for all six of them to share. The f ront door was too big for the frame and no front yard to play in. Even though this house was far better improvement than past homes, she still had hoped for something bigger and better. The narrator gives a very descriptive view of this future dream home. She says â€Å"and inside it [will] have real stairs, not ordinary hallway stairs, but stairs like the houses on T.V†¦ [and] at least three washrooms†¦ and a big yard with grass growing without a fence† (Cisnero’s.552). The story has a theme of disappointment. The narrator keeps hoping for this elaborate home, but just keeps getting disappointed. For the older waiter in â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place†, the cafe symbolizes home because he feels that is all the he has. He says that he lacks confidence but he does have a job. He doesnt want to leave the cafe and he feels that others can benefit from such a place as having somewhere to go. The narrator in â€Å"The House on Mango Street† realizes that she does not feel she has a place called home. The story symbolizes for her a place of wanting better for herself. She has always known promises, but she has never seen them and she vows to herself to have that one day. The older waiter and Esperanza are alike in that they both believe in something so great for themselves. For example the older waiter

Geology of Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada

Malincho - 1898 Words

1. Overall Assessment Kalin Pentchev created an increasingly growing business out of confidence, determination and sheer luck. Building a company from scratch is complex and certainly takes some of these qualities to persevere, but must also take planning, analysis and strategy. While Kalin displayed confidence, which Professor Sarathy explained contributes to a company’s success, it was gained from his own determination not to fail, rather than from having an understanding of international marketing. Instead of using well-mapped out plans and strategy to guide his company, Kalin created a reactive business with decision-making occurring as issues and dilemmas arose. Unfortunately, as a result, he made several mistakes common to†¦show more content†¦Chasing Orders Kalin developed a reactive business that responded to situations as they occurred. His strategies were the result of things gone wrong. As an example, he had to change his lower-price selling strategy after a distributor warned him of the consequences and struggled to even maintain an effective pricing strategy because his focus was on selling the product as quickly as possible. Instead of developing relationships and taking care of the customers, like the Lebanese storekeeper, he provided to some poor service and coincidentally treated them similarly to the way his distributer treated him with little contact and no follow up. â€Å"Desperate and determined† and rather than taking a step-back to prepare a solid selling strategy, he looked for customers in yet another market, the larger-volume cheese buyers. Assumed Successful Home Market Products and Techniques Worked Anywhere In addition, Kalin also built a business of faith assuming that cultural values and business practices that previously worked in his home country would be transferable to a U.S.-based company. For example, Kalin suggested that all customers believed non-payment to a vendor was offensive and feared reprisal from a fictional, more powerful business man. Although it is important to understand the cultural values of theShow MoreRelatedMalincho Case1155 Words   |  5 Pages Malincho Case Study Analysis By: Faraz, Jadee and AmbreenProfessor: Tobar Byron Subject: International Strategic Management (BMI703) Date: 09/ 08/ 2014 Table of contents Executive summary the Problem/Opportunity the Organization’s current mission, goals and strategies the company s internal strengths and weakness (SWOT analysis) recommendation Selected recommendation Action Plan Implementation Conclusion Executive summary: Kalin is a Bulgarian entrepreneur. He tried toRead MoreMica Case Malincho Essay632 Words   |  3 PagesMICA Case Study: Malincho 1. Timmons Model of Entrepreneurial Process The Timmons model was developed by Jeffery Timmons to help entrepreneurs improve their odds of success. The model centres on that the entrepreneurship is opportunity driven. According to this model, first of all, it is the entrepreneur, who is the driving factor in launching a new company. Within the three components, the process starts with a market opportunity, where the size and type of opportunity will define the teamRead MoreMalincho Case Study Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesMalincho Case Study The Timmons entrepreneurship is a model that considers opportunities teams and resources available to an entrepreneur and holds that success depends on the ability of the entrepreneur to balance these critical factors. When applying the first part of the Timmons model to the Malincho case, Kalin got the idea of importing feta cheese and selling it to fellow Bulgarians on the East coast of America who were hungry for a taste of home. Once he identified this opportunity,Read MoreBa470 Week 1 Assignment791 Words   |  4 PagesMalincho Case Study Kalin searched for an opportunity, and on finding it, shaped the opportunity into a high-potential venture by drawing up a team and gathering the required resources to start a business that capitalized on the opportunity. In the process of starting the business, he risked his career, personal cash flow and net worth. The Timmons model bases itself on the premise that Kalin will earn rewards in commensuration with the risk and effort involved in starting or financing the business

Different Types Of Salmon Aquaculture †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Different Types Of Salmon Aquaculture. Answer: Introduction Salmon is a ray finned fish which to the family of Salmonidae. There are other fishes that belong to the same family, like whitefish, grayling, char, trout. Salmon is natively found in the tributaries of Pacific Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean. The species that are found in the Atlantic Ocean belong to the genus Salmo and the species that are found in the Pacific Ocean belong to the genus Oncorhynchus. Salmon was introduced in North America and also in South America, within non-native environments of Great Lakes and Patagonia respectively (Aas et al., 2010). The fish is intensively farmed in different parts of the world. An adult Atlantic salmon weighs around 10 pounds, while a king Salmon weighs around 23 pounds. However, fishes weighing around 50 to 80 pounds are also common. There are different types of Salmon like Cham Salmon, Coho salmon, Sockeye salmon, and pink salmon. Salmon fish are anadromous, which means that the fishes lay their eggs in freshwater and then return to the oc ean. The fishes again return to the freshwater to reproduce. Different species of Salmon exhibit the anadromous character, while other species of Salmon exhibit the freshwater characteristics (Miramichi Salmon Association, 2018). This study is based on the discussion on the physiological and the environmental factors involved in smoltification in salmon; and how the manipulation of these factors revolutionized the salmon aquaculture. Osmoregulation In order to understand osmoregulation (active regulation), it is necessary to discuss about the osmosis (passive regulation). Cells contain a lot of different solutes (polysaccharides, proteins, ions) and water, which creates a specific concentration inside the cell membrane. The membrane is Semi permeable which means that, it allows only water to pass through it and does not allow the solutes. The law of osmosis can be seen when a cell is kept inside solution exhibiting a different concentration. Due to osmotic pressure water moves into the solution from a high concentration to a region of low concentration via a semipermeable membrane. The movement of water takes place to balance the concentration (Bbc.co.uk, 2018). Maintaining a homeostatic balance is a big issue for the fishes in both the marine water and fresh water, because the metabolic processes inside the body of a fish occur specifically in certain chemical and physical environment. To keep up with the constantly with the internal environment, a continuous adaptation with respect to the concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, calcium ion, potassium ion, sodium ion, pH and temperature. The main problem of the fishes is the osmoregulation. Active regulation of the osmotic pressure in order to maintain the concentration of the salts and the fluid balance is called osmoregulation (Whittamore, 2012). Firstly the freshwater fishes, the salt concentration inside the body is higher in comparison to the surrounding water, thus water moves in to the body because of osmosis. If there is no regulation at this point, then the fishes would swell up. In order to compensate this, kidneys produce a large amount of urine and this signifies loss of salt from the body. Thus to compensate for this loss, specialized cells in gills (called chloride cells) absorbs ion from water and is directly transported to the blood stream (Whittamore, 2012). The marine fishes face a different situation, the concentration of salt in the blood is much lower in comparison to the sea water. Does fishes constantly lose water and build up salt concentration inside the body. To compensate for the loss of water from the body fishes drink a lot of water. Due to the small size of the kidney and the inability to excrete a large amount of urine, marine fishes excrete salt from the gills. The gills have specialized cells called to chloride cells which function in just the opposite way the gills in freshwater fishes function (Edwards Marshall, 2012). Smoltification Smoltification is a process in which the behavioral, morphological and physiological changes that a young salmon fish undergoes during migration from freshwater to a saltwater region. Considering the life cycle of a salmon fish, it starts its life in the freshwater and it gets prepared to enter in to the oceanic water where the concentration of salt is high. Three important changes take place at this stage of the life cycle. Firstly, the fish starts to drink a lot of water. Secondly, the urine production reduces to great extent by the kidneys. Thirdly, the molecular pumps or the chloride cells in the gills function reversely. Which means that, the chloride cells pumps sodium out instead of absorbing it. When the fishes reenter in to the freshwater, the body of the salmon fishes starts to acclimatize automatically. The fishes stay within the estuarial zone in order to get acclimatized (Lerner, Sheridan McCormick, 2012). The process of smoltification also occurs in the other species like sharks. In the estuaries, where the sea water meets the freshwater changes in concentration occur gradually. Sharks are known to move further in to the freshwater zone and the process of osmoregulation also occurs differently in comparison to the salmon. Sharks convert ammonia to urea and are capable of retaining it within the blood stream which is slightly more concentrated than the sea water. Through this way, the loss of water through the osmosis is prevented and the excess salt is excreted via the rectal gland. These processes are regulated by hormones and controlled by brain. Hormones like thyroid and cortisol are the effective regulators of osmotic pressure which influences the direction and the rate of the ions that are pumped through the chloride cells (Cramp, Hansen Franklin, 2015). Environmental factors affecting smoltification Contaminant exposure- It has recently been found that the change in water chemistry has a detrimental effect on the early marine survival and the process of smoltification. This can be attributed to the non-point source of industrial pollutants, exposure to trace heavy metal, mineral deposit drainage. In addition the trace heavy metal from the drainage of the mineral deposits, intensive forest areas, ranges and agricultural areas. This results into the movement of low level concentration of herbicides in to the rearing of the juvenile salmon (Solomon et al., 2013). Water temperature- In order to increase the growth and reduce the time required for the production of the smolts, elevated temperature is used. However, care must be taken because artificial temperatures potentially affect the process of smolting as well as the growth (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2018). Photoperiod- research has shown that there is a positive correlation with the behavioral and the physiological aspects with respect to the endocrine system. Because there is direct chemical link with the physiological and the environmental changes in fish. There is a strong link of the photoperiod with the seasonal cycle of growth in the juvenile salmon and the smolting process (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2018). Photoperiod control of smoltification Presently a major problem faced by salmon industry is that they are unable to produce and maintain a continuity in the product sizes in accordance to the market demand which are existing throughout the year. Such problems exist because fishes had introduced into the sea for a very short period of time during the early summer and the spring. Due to this the production is not even according to the size of the market and also results in an unavailability What the Fish products. At certain times of the year, the transfer of smolts into the ocean water has implications on the costing and the production on the smolts. Similar to spawning and maturation the smoltification timing is affected by the patterns of the season and day length changes. Extension cord compression of the annual rate of change of photoperiod leads to both the delay and advancement in the completion of smoltification. Photoperiods that change seasonally can be replaced by the combinations of constant short and long days . Bringing modifications in the combinations of short and long days as well as seasonal changes can effectively increase the production of smolts during several months of the year (Zydlewski, Stich McCormick, 2014). The major complications that arise with the manipulation of the photoperiod is the timing of the process. Similar to the process of reproduction which is controlled seasonally, the process of smolting is dependent on the endogenous clocks or mechanisms. Under the ambient conditions the endogenous clocks can be identified or determined through the seasonally changing day length. Under the modified light conditions, the different components of this system that include hypo osmoregulatory ability, body silvering, condition factor, factors that control growth will collectively affect the smoltification process. The components might get desynchronized and the probable effects are reflected in the poor rates of survival when transferred to see water. Manipulation of the photoperiod result in affecting the commercial viability of the fishes and affect the maturation of the pre and the post smolts. Thus, any alteration in the photoperiod result in the reduction of the number of smolts, reduc ed rates of survival when the smolts are transferred to the sea water affecting the early maturation and also cause vital problems for the production management of the grow out farms (Imsland, Handeland Stefansson, 2014). Environmental factors and the physiological processes involved in smoltification of salmon Environmental factors- contaminant exposure is one of the prime environmental factor which is affecting the smoltification. The gill ATPase enzyme present in the salmon fishes is highly sensible to the levels of the trace heavy metals dissolved in water. The exposure to the copper during the transformation of parr-smolt can potentially inactivate the gill-ATPase enzyme. The biological damage is not apparent unless the fish moves to the sea water. Just during this movement, the severe mortalities begin to occur. Another negative consequence of such a phenomenon is that the migratory also gets suppressed due to the inactivity of the gill ATPase. Cadmium levels of 4 microgram per liter in the freshwater also result in mortality when the coho smolts are transferred to the thirty percent sea water. Chromium or nickel although does not affect the migratory behavior, but exposure to mercury severely affects the migratory behavior. Other implication of mercury exposure can be related to the malformed development of the embryos when the exposure is only of 2.5 microgram per liter. The herbicide concentration also increase into the waterbodies due to the surface run off from the agricultural fields, and the accumulation of herbicide in to the body of the coho salmon smolts resulted in hampered migratory behavior (Thorstad et al., 2012). Water temperature and the rearing temperature have been found to be directly impacting the gill ATPase activity and the hypoosmoregulatory activity during the process of smolting. It has been seen in certain species that increase in temperature accelerates the onset of smolting and on the other hand also delays the time period of desmoltification. Coho salmon at the 6 degree Celsius shows rise in the gill ATPase activity, and a precocious development is found at 2o degree Celsius. However, the process of desmoltification enhances due to the increase in temperature. Not all species of salmon show positive responses to the temperature rise. Steelhead trout are found to be potentially affected by the elevated level of temperature rise, while temperature above 13 degree Celsius inhibits smolting. The Atlantic salmon are not similar to the steel head trout. When the temperature rises around 10 degree Celsius, the activity of the downstream activity of salmon rises (Bjrnsson, Stefansson M cCormick, 2011). Photoperiod plays a significant role in the migratory behavior and the development of the smolt characteristics. The rate of change of the photoperiod played an important part in the modification of the periods of smolting. It has been found that presmolts kept in 7 hour dark period and 17 hour light significantly increases the gill ATPase activity and the plasma thyroxine. However, prolonged periods of exposure to the day light inhibit smolting and growth. Physiological process- According to the normal life history of Salmon, it migrates as juveniles from fresh water into the sea. Atlantic salmon undergoes transformational changes to get adapted to the oceanic life. The parr-smolt transformation involves both the physiological and the morphological changes in order to get acclimatized to the high saline conditions in sea water. The development of smolt is controlled by both the environmental and developmental information. Due to the exposure of increased day length, components of neuroendocrine axis become sensitive. Plasma levels of growth hormone increases due to the activation half right brain pituitary axis. This results in increased levels plasma levels of growth hormone. It has also been found that the levels of Plasma cortisol increases, and this hormones control the biochemical and cellular changes inside the gill. This increases the gill sodium potassium ATPase activity and results in increased salt tolerance. Triiodothyronine , thyroxine, thyroid hormones increase during the smolt development. These changes are actively thought to alter morphological and behavioral characteristics of the fish (McCormick et al., 2013). Salmon aquaculture Photoperiod is an important determinant in initiating sexual maturation in the salmon fishes. More than the specific day length, the direction of photoperiod plays a major role in orchestrating sexual maturity and reproduction. Prolonged exposure to long day lengths increased the attainment of sexual maturity in this fishes. Aquaculture of the salmon fishes gives a better control over the adverse environmental conditions. Aquaculture provides a better opportunity to alter the photoperiod easily and helps in the production cycle. While at the same time gives a better control over certain environmental variables like water temperature. Water temperature on the other hand is one of the important environmental parameter which directly influences the physiology of the fishes. The internal temperature of the fish is directly dependent on the external ambient temperature. Physiological development of eggs and larvae, egg hatching, time of spawning, growth rate, metabolic rate all her direct ly related to the natural environment and water temperature. It has been found that aquaculture of salmon at temperatures ranging 2 to 16 degree Celsius effectively increases the growth rate (Thyholdt, 2014). Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion it can be concluded that the life cycle of salmon fish is directly influenced by the environmental factors like water temperature, photoperiod, herbicides and traces of heavy metal. Salmon fishes can survive both in freshwater and sea water which makes it a complex fish for aquaculture. In order to aquaculture salmon fishes, several parameters like water temperature, photoperiod and also the environmental conditions must be kept at check. Only after keeping all the parameters at optimal conditions can favor the growth of salmon fishes rapidly. References Aas, ., Klemetsen, A., Einum, S., Skurdal, J. (Eds.). (2010). Atlantic salmon ecology. John Wiley Sons. Bbc.co.uk. (2018). BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Osmosis in cells. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2018, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway_pre_2011/greenworld/waterrev2.shtml Bjrnsson, B. T., Stefansson, S. O., McCormick, S. D. (2011). Environmental endocrinology of salmon smoltification. General and comparative endocrinology, 170(2), 290-298. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.07.003 Cramp, R. L., Hansen, M. J., Franklin, C. E. (2015). Osmoregulation by juvenile brown-banded bamboo sharks, Chiloscyllium punctatum, in hypo-and hyper-saline waters. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular Integrative Physiology, 185, 107-114. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.04.001 Edwards, S. L., Marshall, W. S. (2012). Principles and patterns of osmoregulation and euryhalinity in fishes. In Fish Physiology (Vol. 32, pp. 1-44). Academic Press. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396951-4.00001-3 Imsland, A. K., Handeland, S. O., Stefansson, S. O. (2014). Photoperiod and temperature effects on growth and maturation of pre-and post-smolt Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture international, 22(4), 1331-1345. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9750-1 Lerner, D. T., Sheridan, M. A., McCormick, S. D. (2012). Estrogenic compounds decrease growth hormone receptor abundance and alter osmoregulation in Atlantic salmon. General and comparative endocrinology, 179(2), 196-204. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.08.001 McCormick, S. D., Sheehan, T. F., Bjrnsson, B. T., Lipsky, C., Kocik, J. F., Regish, A. M., O'Dea, M. F. (2013). Physiological and endocrine changes in Atlantic salmon smolts during hatchery rearing, downstream migration, and ocean entry. Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 70(1), 105-118. DOI https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2012-0151 Miramichi Salmon Association. (2018). Life Cycle of the Atlantic Salmon - Miramichi Salmon Association. Miramichi Salmon Association. Retrieved 15 February 2018, from https://miramichisalmon.ca/education/atlantic-salmon/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2018). Spo.nmfs.noaa.gov. Retrieved 15 February 2018, from https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/mfr426/mfr4261.pdf Solomon, K. R., Dalhoff, K., Volz, D., Van Der Kraak, G. (2013). Effects of herbicides on fish. In Fish physiology (Vol. 33, pp. 369-409). Academic Press. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-398254-4.00007-8 Thorstad, E. B., Whoriskey, F., Uglem, I., Moore, A., Rikardsen, A. H., Finstad, B. (2012). A critical life stage of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: behaviour and survival during the smolt and initial post?smolt migration. Journal of Fish Biology, 81(2), 500-542. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03370.x Thyholdt, S. B. (2014). The importance of temperature in farmed salmon growth: Regional growth functions for Norwegian farmed salmon. Aquaculture Economics Management, 18(2), 189-204. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2014.903310 Whittamore, J. M. (2012). Osmoregulation and epithelial water transport: lessons from the intestine of marine teleost fish. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 182(1), 1-39. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-011-0601-3 Zydlewski, G. B., Stich, D. S., McCormick, S. D. (2014). Photoperiod control of downstream movements of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts. Journal of fish biology, 85(4), 1023-1041. DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12509

Forgiveness in the Kite Runner free essay sample

Forgiveness In order to heal from traumatic experiences, individuals must forgive others by risking emotional courage, because a relationship is often broken in trauma, which leads to an individual’s loss of someone close to them. Baba portrays forgiveness when he forgives Hassan for stealing Amirs money and watch even though Hassan didnt actually steal it. Baba is unaware that Amir was only framing Hassan for stealing his money and watch. Baba asks, Did you steal that money? Did you steal Amirs watch, Hassan? Hassan responded, Yes. By Hassan taking the blame of stealing Amirs belongings, he shows indirect forgiveness towards Amir who is in the room with Amir and Baba. There are two acts of forgiveness in the situation, one indirectly and one directly. Even though Baba claims, There is no act more wretched than stealing, he directly forgives Hassan. Hassan obviously doesnt feel the need to explain to Baba that Amir had framed him because Hassan doesnt want Amir to suffer Baba s anger. We will write a custom essay sample on Forgiveness in the Kite Runner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By taking the blame, Hassan is risking emotional courage and putting himself in the position of Amir hurting him again. Hassan indirectly shows he doesnt want problems with Amir because their relationship means something to him. Amir makes a very cowardly action by deciding to leave Hassan while Hassan is getting raped. After that has happened, Amir still sees Hassan, pretending like nothing has happened. Amir thinks Hassan had not seen him run away while he was raped. When Hassan takes the blame for stealing Amirs watch and money, Amir says, Hassan knew. He knew Id seen everything in that alley, that Id stood there and done nothing. Hassan never approached Amir about that cowardly mistake Amir had made. Ali and Hassan decide to leave Babas after Baba asks Hassan about stealing the money and watch. Later in life Hassan reconnects with Amir, writing him letters. Hassan writes, And I dream that someday you will return to Kabul to revisit the land of our childhood. If you do, you will find an old faithful friend waiting for you. Hassan shows forgiveness indirectly to Amir in his letter. After how badly Amir has treated Hassan, Hassan, still keeps a relationship with Amir and forgives him, Hassan describes himself as faithful, which he is.

Film review on Million Dollar Baby Essays

Film review on Million Dollar Baby Essays Film review on Million Dollar Baby Paper Film review on Million Dollar Baby Paper giving an atmosphere of realism; the music played in the film creates tension at some points whereas at others a sense of relief. This film received a rating of 7/10 for all that it does for the audience, Clint Eastwood and Paul Haggis have definitely done well in showing clear difference between pain, regret and their opposites. I give a full recommendation on the film for anyone who is looking for the not so predictable sports movie as MILLION DOLLAR BABY is just that.

Poverty and Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty and Pollution - Essay Example Industries in developing countries also do not have the technology to combat environmental pollution which is why they are suffering the most because of environmental pollution. In this paper, the issue of environmental pollution will be discussed and the role of developing and developed countries will be discussed. Moreover, the discussion will be made on ethical implications of polluting in a third world country. Also, a uniform global plan for pollution control will be proposed. The ethical implications of polluting in a Third World country are severe, to say the least. Businesses cannot make life miserable for people of third world countries because everyone has a right to live his or her life in a healthy environment. There cannot be any ethical justification of businesses polluting in Third World countries. When businesses pollute the land, air, and waters of developing countries, they hurt and endanger the lives of the people who live there, and this cannot be justified. It is also not ethical for businesses to damage the natural resources of third world countries in the name of economic progress. Even if businesses that are polluting in developing countries are actually creating jobs and contributing to the economy, their actions are not ethically justified because their practices will make life difficult for future generations. The argument that businesses in the Third World provide employment to otherwise unemployed people of the country is not valid because the same businesses are making the environment worse for the future generations. It is important to take into account the good of both the present and future generations, and in this regard practices of businesses that are polluting in the Third World countries are unethical.

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Globalisation - Essay Example These dimensions include economic, political, security, environment, and health social, cultural among others. Globalisation was coined in 1980’s but the concept is an ancient one that has a dissimilar significance to most people (Hansen et al, 2010). Apparently, scholars, policy makers and activist see it as a force that could be used to advance the economy in the world while others view the concept as a danger to the economic systems in the world. In light of view of globalisation as the concept that is relevant to the world economy, there is a remarkable increase in worldwide trade and exchanges through increasingly open, integrated and borderless international economy. Besides, remarkable growth has be noted in trade and exchange not only in traditional and international trade of commodities and services, but also in currency exchanges, in capital activities, transfer of technology, movement of people through international travelling and migration, over and above, the flow of information and ideas internationally (Ku?ng, 1998) Globalisation as an Unstoppable Force Globalisation has continually become an unstoppable force especially now when it has opened a golden chance for business, commerce and trade (Dervis and Altinay, 2011). In fact, never before in the history of the world has there emerged such a situation where many goods have been sold to many people in the easiest way as is happening currently. Moreover, the presence of information and communication has enabled everyone to access everything anywhere. In regard to this, markets are continually becoming global, numerous corporations are richer and powerful as compared to some countries. Of importance to note, is that there is a combination of reduced trade barrier, financial liberalisation, over and above, a technological revolt that has totally changed the environment of business in most of the industrialized countries. According to Boesak (2009), globalisation has promised more trade, more market, more business, and more information among other issues. This has been demonstrated through the considerable wealth that has continuously been brought by the tide of globalisation. Why does the World need a Global Set of Ethic rules and What would They be? A global ethic can be described as an ethical perspective which incorporates significant ethical relations between states, between individuals who live in different societies. In the ethic, there are claims with regard to the existence of some universal values and norms concerning obligations that have global scope (Chatterjee, 2011). Consequently, global ethics is a concept that entails ethical inquiry into the nature and explanation of the values and norms that are global. Simply, it articulates various issues that have risen in the recent past such as international aid, security, environmental problems, intervention and human rights. Never the less, scholars interested with global ethics argue that it is not possible of the global ethics to be accepted by the world over to make a single society. Needless to mention, global ethics are crucial and should be accepted as they arguably promote the global goals (Hutchings, 2010). In the event that some global ethics are not embraced by a considerable number of agents, the intended goals are not likely to be attained. Apparently, there can be diverse global ethics and diverse understanding of the goals. Some global ethics

The freedom to live Essay Example for Free

The freedom to live Essay The freedom to live Gandhi once said, An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind, very much truth can be found in this statement. Is it really moral to give the same punishment to someone that we are punishing them for? The death penalty is a very touchy subject to most for a good reason, in my eyes the death penalty is injustice. For reasons such as money, religion, the principal of knowing right from wrong as well as the wrongly accused, and the prolonging suffering of the victims’, families and loved ones. Promoting the death penalty as a punishment promotes that killing is an okay solution to a difficult problem, that’s not something I wish to teach our youth. It costs far more to execute a person than to keep him or her in prison for life without parole. Millions of dollars could be spent on violence-prevention efforts, solving unsolved cases, and increasing victim services. Executions cost two million dollars per person, keeping the criminal in prison for life cost around five hundred thousand dollars per person. As a tax paying American citizen I find it a waste of good tax payer’s money. The money saved could be spent on programs that actually improve the communities in which we live. This country has religious freedom, which is wonderful in more ways than one. Most religions such as Catholic, Presbyterian, Quaker, Amish, Buddhist, and Interfaith forbid the death penalty. Although isolated passages of religious scriptures have been quoted in supported of the death penalty, almost all religious groups in the United States regard executions as immoral. However the court doesn’t take religion into consideration, in turn, takes away a person religious freedom, which is something the country, stands proudly for. Inadequate legal representation plays a major role in determining ones sentence. Perhaps the most important factor in determining whether a defendant will receive the death penalty, is the quality of the representation he or she is provided. Almost all defendants who face capital charges cannot afford an attorney and rely on the state to appoint one for them. Many death row inmates were convicted and sentenced the death penalty while being defended by court appointed lawyers who are often the worst- paid, the most- inexperienced, and the least- skillful lawyers. Death row inmates today face a one-in-three chance of being executed without having the case properly investigated by a competent attorney and without having any claims of innocence or unfairness presented or heard; injustice at its finest. Protests have been going on in many states for the abolishment of the death penalty, families and loved ones of the murder victims included. They support alternatives to the death penalty for reasons such as the death penalty being a traumatizing experience dealing with the constant pain and remembrance for many years. Negative attention is directed on the crime and the accused, instead of where it belongs — on the family and loved ones of the murder victim and on the community. Life without parole provides certain punishment and suffering without the constant reopening of wounds; it punishes the criminal without putting him or her in the headlines, making it slightly easier for the families. Only eighteen states have abolished the death penalty, making the other thirty two will bring the good people of America better use of their money, their time, and effort. For those families and loved ones of the murder victims it will give them peace of mind, and hopefully make their rattled lives calmer. If we find it wrong to murder one another, then what makes it any different from the death penalty? We are not god; we do not decide who lives and who dies. However we do decide on what this country stands for, and what we as the people of the United States of America stand for. The freedom to live Gandhi once said, An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind, very much truth can be found in this statement. Is it really moral to give the same punishment to someone that we are punishing them for? The death penalty is a very touchy subject to most for a good reason, in my eyes the death penalty is injustice. For reasons such as money, religion, the principal of knowing right from wrong as well as the wrongly accused, and the prolonging suffering of the victims’, families and loved ones. Promoting the death penalty as a punishment promotes that killing is an okay solution to a difficult problem, that’s not something I wish to teach our youth. It costs far more to execute a person than to keep him or her in prison for life without parole. Millions of dollars could be spent on violence-prevention efforts, solving unsolved cases, and increasing victim services. Executions cost two million dollars per person, keeping the criminal in prison for life cost around five hundred thousand dollars per person. As a tax paying American citizen I find it a waste of good tax payer’s money. The money saved could be spent on programs that actually improve the communities in which we live. This country has religious freedom, which is wonderful in more ways than one. Most religions such as Catholic, Presbyterian, Quaker, Amish, Buddhist, and Interfaith forbid the death penalty. Although isolated passages of religious scriptures have been quoted in supported of the death penalty, almost all religious groups in the United States regard executions as immoral. However the court doesn’t take religion into consideration, in turn, takes away a person religious freedom, which is something the country, stands proudly for. Inadequate legal representation plays a major role in determining ones sentence. Perhaps the most important factor in determining whether a defendant will receive the death penalty, is the quality of the representation he or she is provided. Almost all defendants who face capital charges cannot afford an attorney and rely on the state to appoint one for them. Many death row inmates were convicted and sentenced the death penalty while being defended by court appointed lawyers who are often the worst- paid, the most- inexperienced, and the least- skillful lawyers. Death row inmates today face a one-in-three chance of being executed without having the case properly investigated by a competent attorney and without having any claims of innocence or unfairness presented or heard; injustice at its finest. Protests have been going on in many states for the abolishment of the death penalty, families and loved ones of the murder victims included. They support alternatives to the death penalty for reasons such as the death penalty being a traumatizing experience dealing with the constant pain and remembrance for many years. Negative attention is directed on the crime and the accused, instead of where it belongs — on the family and loved ones of the murder victim and on the community. Life without parole provides certain punishment and suffering without the constant reopening of wounds; it punishes the criminal without putting him or her in the headlines, making it slightly easier for the families. Only eighteen states have abolished the death penalty, making the other thirty two will bring the good people of America better use of their money, their time, and effort. For those families and loved ones of the murder victims it will give them peace of mind, and hopefully make their rattled lives calmer. If we find it wrong to murder one another, then what makes it any different from the death penalty? We are not god; we do not decide who lives and who dies. However we do decide on what this country stands for, and what we as the people of the United States of America stand for.

Images of Lilith in A Sea-Spell and The Orchard Pit :: Sea-Spell Essays

Images of Lilith in A Sea-Spell and The Orchard Pit While Lilith's only explicit appearances are in the poems "Lilith" and "Eden Bower," images of her arise in a number of other poems by Rossetti, including "A Sea-Spell" and "The Orchard Pit" (Johnston 120). Considered "minor" poems, very little has been written on either. Of "A Sea-Spell," some have gone so far as to proclaim "it is kinder to the memory of the artist to say nothing. It is the work of a prematurely faltering mind and hand" (Waugh 211). As for "The Orchard Pit," a fragmentary prose tale, there is little that even could be said. Yet, in the sonnet "A Sea-Spell," there exists imagery directly relating this Siren-figure to Lilith, making the poem worthy of consideration here. The sonnet reads: Her lute hangs shadowed in the apple-tree, While flashing fingers weave the sweet-strung spell Between its chords; and as the wild notes swell, The sea-bird for those branches leaves the sea. But to what sound her listening ear stoops she? What netherworld gulf-whispers doth she hear, In answering echoes from what planisphere, Along the wind, along the estuary? She sinks into her spell: and when full soon Her lips move and she soars into her song, What creatures of the midmost main shall throng In furrowed surf-clouds to the summoning rune: Till he, the fated mariner, hears her cry, And up her rock, bare-breasted, comes to die? (Collected Works 361) As evidenced above, both specific Lilith-imagery and Lilith-related themes are present in this sonnet. The poem begins with an immediate reference to Lilith, specifically Rossetti's Lilith, with the line: "Her lute hangs shadowed in the apple-tree" (line 1). This image is reminiscent of Lilith's supposed tempting of Eve while in the "apple-tree," the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Bad. Line 2 then borrows imagery directly from "Lilith." The corresponding lines of "Lilith," for example, read: And, subtly of herself contemplative, Draws men to watch the bright web she can weave, Till heart and body and life are in its hold. (lines 6-8) It is this same story which is told in "A Sea-Spell." The character is a beautiful Siren who weaves her magic into a "spell" that will ensnare and kill men ("Sea-Spell," line 2; "Lilith," line 13). In both poems, the male figures succumb to the Siren's charms, causing their own demise.

The Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway

Terrorism has always been a part of human’s history. Although there is still no clear explanation about the act of terrorism, a terrorist and terrorism itself, it is evident that it has a drastic consequence on the society and the people’s lives. Technically, terrorism is classified as international and domestic. This paper will focus on a particular domestic terrorism – the Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway. Included here is the account of the incident, the perpetrators, the chemical used, the victims and the long-term effect of this incident. The Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway The Sarin Gas Attack on the Tokyo Subway was considered the worst terrorist attack in Japan. Five members of the Aum Shinrikyo armed with sarin gas executed the assault on the morning of March 20, 1995 in the busy subways of Tokyo. Five more members were waiting outside as getaway drivers. The perpetrators entered the Marunouchi, Hibiya and the Chiyoda subway lines with bags of sarin covered with newspaper. They boarded trains and released the sarin by pricking the bags with their pointed umbrellas. As the liquid nerve agent turned into gas and mixed with the air, the commuters were immediately poisoned. It resulted to 12 deaths and more than 3,000 were injured. Because sarin poisoning was still unfamiliar during that time, Japan’s medical system had a hard time diagnosing and treating the victims. Hospitals were only given information on the diagnosis and treatment through fax by Dr. Yanagisawa Nobuo who had encountered treating sarin poisoning. Today, many of the victims still suffer from the nerve agent’s after effects such as breathing problems, depression and brain damage. Aum Shinrikyo Aum Shinrikyo is the Japanese phrase for â€Å"Supreme Truth. † It is founded in 1984 by partially blind Chizuo Matsumoto, known as Master Shoko Asahara to his followers. It started as a yoga and meditation class and progressed later on. It was recognized as a religious organization in 1989 and it was called a â€Å"religion for the elite† because the recruits were mostly young graduates from the country’s premium universities. This group worships Shiva being their god and its belief is a combination of Buddhism, Taoism, tantric yoga and Asahara’s interpretation of Christianity. Their teachings have great emphasis on apocalyptic scenarios and millennial visions being Nostradamus as one of their prophets. Asahara also prophesized that Japan would soon be annihilated by biological, nuclear and chemical weapons as a part of the impending Armageddon in 1999, and only the followers of Aum Shinrikyo will survive. There are three training systems the followers must undergo in order to obtain deliverance. The first is called the tantric yoga where the recruit is taught basic yoga, ways of personal cleansing and meditation. The second is called the siddhi course where the students are taught the release of an energy called kundalini which they believed to be dwelling â€Å"in a latent state at the base of the spine† (http://encarta. msn. com). The third course is called bodha from which energy from Asahara is spiritually transferred to the disciples. They also believe that salvation can be attained by giving up material things and by offering personal riches to the organization. Aum Shinrikyo is not concentrated in Japan alone. Around the world, it has approximately 20,000 to 40,000 members. In order to financially sustain their activities and operations, the cult collects money by means of tithes, donations, selling religious stuff and other merchandises. The believers who attend the cult’s seminars and trainings are also charged with large amount of money. The cult also owns a computer factory and a chain of restaurants in Japan. Before the March 20, 1995 incident, Aum Shinrikyo has been linked with a number of other assaults. It attempted to discharge butulin toxin around the government buildings in Tokyo in April 1990. During the wedding of the crown prince in June 1993, it again made an attempt to release the same poison around the imperial palace. On June 27, 1994, a several members of the cult released a cloud of sarin in a residential area of Matsumoto, a city located northwest of Tokyo. Seven people died and five hundred more were hospitalized. What followed here was the most tragic attack which became the eye-opener to the great possibility of chemical agents as weapon of mass destruction. The Main Perpetrators The following are five groups of the ten members of Aum Shinrikyo responsible for the March 20, 1995 attack: Ikuo Hayashi and his driver Tomomitsu Niimi †¢ Kenichi Hirose and his driver Koichi Kitamura †¢ Toru Toyoda and his driver Katsuya Takahashi †¢ Masato Yokoyama and his driver Kiyotaka Tonozako †¢ Yasuo Hayashi and his driver Shigeo Sumimoto Ikuo Hayashi was a heart and artery specialist doctor before he joined Aum Shinrikyo in 1990. He left his family and his job and followed Asahara and became the Minister of Healing. He handled members who were suspected for betrayal by administering electric shocks and sodium pentothal. He was assigned to execute the assault on the Chiyoda line. He boarded the southwestbound train and pierced the bag of chemical at Shin-ochanomuzu station. This resulted to two deaths and 231 people were injured. After the incident at the subways, he was given a sentence of life imprisonment. His driver, Tomomitsu Niimi was sentenced to death. Prior to joining Aum Shinrikyo, Kenichi Hirose was a â€Å"holder of a postgraduate degree in Physics from Waseda University† (Wikipedia). He had major contribution in the cult’s Chemical Brigade and Automatic Light Weapon Development system. He was assigned to release the chemical on the westbound Marunochi line headed to Ogikubo. He boarded the train and punctured the bag of sarin at the Ochanomizu station. One died and 358 suffered from the toxin. He himself was affected by the sarin that he discharged but was able to inject himself with the antidote, atropine sulphate, and was given medical attention at the cult’s headquarters. Toru Toyoda was also a member of the Chemical Brigade of Aum Shinrikyo. He was an applied physics graduate from Tokyo University before he became an Aum’s disciple. The northeastbound Hibiya line was the assignment of Toyoda. He boarded the train going to Tobu-dobutsukoen and released sarin at Ebisu. This resulted to one death and 532 serious injuries. He was also sentenced to death after this attack. Masato Yokoyama was the Undersecretary of the cult’s Ministry of Science and Technology and one of the contributories of their Automatic Light Weapons Manufacturing system. Prior to becoming Aum’s member, he was an applied physics graduate of Tokai University. He was assigned at the Ikeburo-bound Marunouchi line. He boarded the train at Shinjuku and punctured his bag of sarin at Yotsuya. The agent evaporated slowly because he was only able to pierce one hole. He was given death sentence after this incident. Yasuo Hayashi held the third highest position in Aum’s Ministry of Science and Technology. He graduated from Kogakuin Univeristy with a degree in artificial intelligence. He was assigned to release sarin at the southwestbound Hibiya line leaving Kita-senju headed to Naka-meguro. He punctured the bags of sarin at Akihabara. Because of the number of punctures he made, commuters were instantly affected by the chemical. This resulted to 8 deaths and 275 serious injuries. He was also sentenced to death after the incident as well as his getaway driver Shigeo Sugimoto. After this assault, Aum Shinrikyo’s assests were taken away from the group as well as its status as a religious organization. Sarin Asahara ordered his members to mass produce sarin in 1993 and the chemical plant started to operate in 1994. Originally, sarin was developed to be used as a pesticide. It was first made in Germany in 1938 and it is not organic. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid that mix into the air when vaporized. It is now considered as a chemical warfare agent under the category of a nerve agent. Nerve agents are the deadliest and fastest acting chemical warfare agents. These are comparable to insect killers, organophosphates, because of the hazards that they bring. Because of the nature of sarin, humans are vulnerable to the fatal effects of this chemical. There are various means that a person can be exposed to this. Once it vaporized into the air, a person can contract sarin through the eyes, skin and nose. If sarin is mixed in water, a person can be poisoned by drinking or even touching the water. Solid food can also be tainted with sarin which is also lethal if eaten. People situated at lower grounds tend to have greater exposure to sarin because of its dense vapor. The degree of toxicity brought by sarin can be determined by the person’s manner of exposure to the chemical, the amount of the chemical and how long was the person’s exposure. If a person is exposed to sarin in its vapor form, the symptoms will be obvious within a few seconds. If it is in the liquid form, on the other hand, the symptoms will show within a few minutes up to 18 hours. Generally, nerve agents work by inhibiting the chemicals in the body to perform its function as the regulator of the muscles and glands. Once the effects of sarin take place, the muscles and glands will no longer be slowed down resulting to fatigue and breathing difficulty. Of all the nerve agents, sarin is the fastest to change its form from liquid into gas and scatter into the air. Due to this characteristic, its effects take place instantly but short-term. The following are the signs and symptoms of exposure to a small or average dose of sarin: †¢ Runny nose †¢ Watery eyes †¢ Small, pinpoint pupils †¢ Eye pain †¢ Blurred vision †¢ Drooling and excessive sweating †¢ Cough †¢ Chest tightness †¢ Rapid breathing †¢ Diarrhea †¢ Increased urination †¢ Confusion †¢ Drowsiness Weakness †¢ Headache †¢ Nausea, vomiting †¢ Slow or fast heart rate †¢ Low or high blood pressure The following are the signs and symptoms of exposure to high doses of sarin: †¢ Loss of consciousness †¢ Convulsions †¢ Paralysis †¢ Respiratory fail ure possibly leading to death (http://terrorism. about. com) Sarin Poisoning Victims According to survey conducted about the sarin gas poisoning victims, year after the incident, more than 17% of the respondents still suffer from mental and emotional stress. Of the 5,300 individuals spoken to, only 1,500 agreed to respond to the survey, signifying that they are still disturbed by the incident. Of the respondents, many experience â€Å"flashbacks to the event and panic attacks when boarding trains† (www. factnet. org). Although majority of the victims still endure constant eye strain and other physical ailments, the most vital point is the mental distress. A large number of the victims still â€Å"worry about getting involved in a similar incident†; â€Å"feel sad when I encounter something that reminds me of the incident†; and â€Å"try not to think about anything related to the incident† (www. factnet. org). Aum Shinrikyo Today After the attack on March 20, 1995, Aum Shinrikyo changed its name to Aleph and it had a new leader, Fumihiro Joyu. Joyu declared that the group gave up its illicit interests and violent practice. Aleph also gave out about 2. 5 million dollars for the victims of the assault. But being on the list of terrorists, they are still being monitored in the conviction that it still has malicious objectives. Its members are now ranging approximately from 1,500 to 2,000 who communicate through the Internet and videoconference. Most of its followers are in Japan and some are in Russia despite the ban imposed to the cult. Although the group gained negative image, it is still onto progressive recruitment and publicity. In order to sustain their activities, they maintain their method of earning money such as soliciting donations, selling religious paraphernalia, collecting tithes, conducting training and seminars and selling computers, which is the most productive source of funds. They are able to destabilize competitors by â€Å"producing cheap software and computers written and assembled by dedicated and low-waged cult members† (www. cdi. org). The possibility of manufacturing chemical and biological weapons is now very small since the abolishment of the group’s chemical facilities in a number of raids. There are still debates, though, about the implications that this cult may have brought in about terrorism especially with the use of chemical agents as weapons of mass destruction. Incidents such as this show how people underestimate terrorism. Japan is a country who has relatively low crime rate and Aum Shinrikyu is considered a religious organization which is expected to exhibit acts of good intentions. This incident calls for a broader perspective on terrorism as well as extra vigilance on the possibility of violence inflicted to a large number of people with the use of weapons of mass destruction.

Rhetorical Analysis Of The Emoji Movie - 1005 Words

Introduction: In the past few weeks there has been great backlash on a movie that had been released called ‘ The Emoji Movie’. Megan Garber, a staff writer at ‘ The Atlantic ‘ situated in Washington releases an article on why ‘The Emoji movie ‘ fails. The goal I want to achieve by writing this essay is to identify how the author builds the argument of the topic using different rhetorical strategies and check if the author established solid credible evidence to validate the arguments she made. Summary and Description of Rhetorical Situation: The article being discussed was released on August 4,2017 shortly after the release of the movie on July 28, 2017. Megan writes this text to explain the problems with the movie and later on supporting†¦show more content†¦It is stated that The Emoji Code condemns The Emoji movie as it portrays emojis as a language, however Evan’s views it as a tool, which is considered an addition and not a threat. The article mentions that the reason that emojis are vastly used is because of its flexibility, meaning that there is no specific way to use them. For example the writer of the emoji could use it with a certain meaning but the recipient could interpret an extremely different message. An example mentioned was when the singer Drake got a tattoo and people thought it was two hands praying or even a high five, however Drake soon addressed the situation by confirming that his tattoo was indeed praying hands. It is also mentioned t hat people have associated certain emojis to specific actions. For instance a car emoji can represent people commuting, sunglasses on a smiling face can represent coolness, a winking face can represent that the message was intended to be humorous and many more emojis have many more meanings. Initially, emojis were intended for a specific purpose, but eventually began being used for fun and a way for people to express themselves. Towards the end of the article Alex French, a reporter for The New York Times states that a popular business in Hollywood is taking existing work and converting it into a fresh story. In a recent study it was shown that the only purely

Recovery And Rebirth The Age Of The Renaissance

Chapter 12 Outline Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance Meaning and Characteristics of the Renaissance **Italian Renaissance primarily of the wealthy upper class of elite rather than mass movement** Urban Society Renaissance Italy a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy (mid-14th century) was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts surrounding. the city-states were the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life. a secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things. Age of Recovery recovery from the â€Å"calamitous fourteenth century† Italy and Europe began slowly recuperation from the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession. Rebirth of Classical Culture a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity affected activities as diverse as politics and art led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought new ways of viewing human beings. Recovery of the Individual revived emphasis on individual ability â€Å"Men can do all things if they will.† ~ Leon Battista Alberti. high regards for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social idea of the well-rounded personality or universal person (l’uomo universale). Making of Renaissance Society Economic Recovery Hanseatic League a commercial and military association formed by a numberShow MoreRelatedThe Rebirth Of Ancient Cultures1462 Words   |  6 Pages2015 The Rebirth of Ancient Cultures in Renaissance Florence Florence, Italy is known as the â€Å"cradle of the Renaissance† (la culla del Rinascimento). It is a city full of beautiful architecture, art, and history. The Renaissance was a powerful cultural movement that not only shaped all aspects of Florentine life, but eventually the rest of Europe. Science, art, literature, philosophy, religion, architecture, and politics have seen heavy influences by this movement. The term Renaissance literallyRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1051 Words   |  5 PagesRenaissance-literally means rebirth in French. Revolution- A fundamental change that requires a goal that wants to be achieved, a leader or leaders follower and supporters of the cause. There are many different types of revolutions. Economic Revolution- A fundamental change in how people deal with money and other currency related issues. For example, Europe and many other countries have a different money system. Political Revolution- A fundamental change in the way a government is run. This kindRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Italian Renaissance1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Italian Renaissance Renaissance means rebirth in the French language, the renaissance happened between the fifteenth century and sixteenth century. Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance was an era that rediscovered the culture of ancient Greece and Rome in the fourteenth century and witnessed a continuation of the economic, political, and social trends. Jacob Burck-hardt, a swiss historian and art critic, created the Renaissance in his celebrated book The Civilization of the Renaissance in ItalyRead MoreItalian Renissance and the Reformation1005 Words   |  5 Pages The Renaissance and Reformation were two very important periods of time in European history that included change in culture and religion. The Renaissance happened before the reformation. The Renaissance was the rebirth of art, literature, and architecture. The reformation focused mainly on reforming the Catholic Church from its evil ways. 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The term renaissance came from the French word meaning rebirth. The defining concept of the Renaissance was humanism. Humanism was a distinct movement because it broke from the medieval tradition of having pious religious motivation for cr eating art or works of literature. The Renaissance humanism was a collectionRead MoreThe Critical Impacts Of The Harlem Renaissance1066 Words   |  5 Pageshumanity’s recorded history is a creative balance between horrors endured and victories achieved, and so it was during the Harlem Renaissance. Although the Harlem Renaissance underlines the trouble of ethnic issue knowledgeable by African Americans all through the twentieth century. There were numerous critical impacts, for instance, artistic the growth. The Harlem Renaissance was an energetic affiliation amongst the 1920s where African Americans started composed and transported artistry and writing oneRead MoreSacred Music in the Age of Rebirth Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pages The Renaissance has not ceased to be an age of discussion and debate among historians throughout the recent centuries. The vibrant nature of the era marks it as a most fascinating period of history. The Renaissance can be described as an age carry ing the essence of â€Å"self-discovery and fulfillment, of recognition of human worth, and a dynamic outpouring of artistic activity.† This new world flourishing with art and creative optimism was also steeped in a spirit of â€Å"revolt of the Medievalists.† Read MoreThe Philosophical Point Of Humanism1733 Words   |  7 Pages intellect.gif (9933 bytes) Renaissance Humanism Humanism is the term generally applied to the predominant social philosophy and intellectual and literary currents of the period from 1400 to 1650. The return to favor of the pagan classics stimulated the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and above all intensified the assertion of personal independence and individual expression. Zeal for the classics was a result as well as a cause of the growing secular view of lifeRead MoreFrancis Bacon Essay example1282 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluential works were vastly impacted by the tenets of the Renaissance period. Even Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of our nation, credited being influenced by Bacon’s essays (McDougal 455). One of the core ideologies determined by his works is humanism which depicts how logic and knowledge derived from ancient Greek and Roman records can provide the best guides for learning and living. Even more, Bacon, who was inspired by the Renaissance notions of humanis m, significantly contributed to contemporary

Death Penalty Essay - 1146 Words

Thesis It is more reasonable to utilize the death penalty than to abolish it. The death penalty should not be abolished because (1) it deters people from committing murder and (2) because the death penalty gives peace of mind to the victims and their families and puts an end to the crime.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Arguments for the thesis (1) The death penalty should not be abolished because the fear of the highest form of punishment will keep potential victims alive. (2) The death penalty should not be abolished because the families of the victims can only begin the healing process once the murderer is put to death. Response to objections to the thesis (1) Objection: The death penalty should be abolished because even the†¦show more content†¦(1) Most murders happen in the passion of the moment, however, serial killers, burglars, gang members, and others who plan their crime in advance can and do think of the possibilities. Many criminals don’t carry weapons while committing crimes, for example, to keep from killing, as Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania recalls: My twelve years’ experience in the Philadelphia District Attorney’s Office convinced me that the death penalty is a deterrent to crime. I saw many cases where professional burglars and robbers refused to carry weapons, for fear that a killing would occur and they would be charged with murder in the first degree, carrying the death penalty.(2) Because the death penalty is final and more feared than imprisonment, it deters some prospective murderers not deterred by the thought of imprisonment. Abolitionist’s main argument is that capitol punishment can’t remove the evil from society. No matter what the juridical laws that a country holds, heinous crimes will haunt and spread fear throughout as long as mankind is on this earth. There have been numerous studies that have concluded that the death penalty is not a deterrent. One of which is from the National Academy of Sciences. They concluded: â€Å"it seems unthinkable to us to base decisions onShow MoreRelatedPro Death Penalty Speech1482 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce myself before we get started. My name is Slick Perry and if you didn’t already know, I am the state governor of Texas. You are all aware that we are reviewing our recidivism rate to various crimes and reviewing our stance regarding the death penalty as we approach 2009. Everyone here understands that capital punishment is a very controversial topic in the United States. In Texas, from December 1982 through August 2008, only 361 criminals of the millions of Texans in our good state were executedRead MoreThe Truth About The Death Penalty973 Words   |  4 Pages In her article â€Å"The Truth About The Death Penalty†, Carina Kolodny argues that the death penalty should be abolished in all fifty states due to the fact that it is ineffective and very expensive. Kolodny believes that capital punishment has too many complications and variables that cause it be more of an issue than a real solution for capital offenses. She proposes that the death penalty should be dropped and exchanged for better programs such as Proposition 34, which replaces capital punishmentRead MoreThe Bible and Death Penal ty Essay example812 Words   |  4 Pagesa person’s view of the Bible influence what they think about the death penalty for murderers.† I would like to see if a person’s view of the bible influence what they think of the death penalty. This is interesting to me because I am interested in the field of criminal justice and the death penalty is a huge topic to this day. There are many journals that talk about studies that were done on religion and views of the death penalty which have to do with my topic of interest. My hypothesis is thatRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty: Capital Punishment and Violent Crime1570 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment and Violent Crime Hypothesis Most Americans are pro-death penalty, even though they dont really believe that it is an effective deterrent to violent crime. Those who are pro-death penalty will remain so, even if faced with the best arguments of anti-death penalty activists and told to assume the arguments were absolutely true. Violent crime Violent crime is a major problem in the United States. According to the ACLU, the violent crime rate rose sixty-one percentRead MoreEssay on Article Analysis: OSullivans View of the Death Penalty1536 Words   |  7 PagesBritain should have the death penalty. O’Sullivan addresses all the main counter arguments when explain to his audience his conclusion. His supporting evidence includes death penalty decisions in history and several other statistics. Emotionally terms, faulty cause and effects scenarios, and either/or point of views are other ways the author conveys his opinion to the audience. The article begins with an overall theme threw out O’Sullivan’s piece: does the death penalty appropriately punishRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1143 Words   |  5 PagesAllison Shu 2/25/16 Period 2 Objective paper on the death penalty Capital punishment is legally authorized killing as punishment for a crime. The death penalty questions the morality of killing a person as justification for their crime. It also brings to question whether the death penalty actually serves as a deterrent for crime, and that some of the people executed are found innocent afterwards. The debates over the constitutionality of the death penalty and whether capital punishment should be usedRead MoreThe Death Penalty For Juveniles946 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty for minors differs greatly from the death penalty for adult. The law that minor could be put on death row was decided to rule against the eighth amendment. The eighth amendment prohibits the act of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† which putting minors on death row breaks. On March 4, 2005 the law that minors could not be put on death row for their actions was set into place. The new laws say, â€Å"They cannot punish a minor by death penalty and they cannot punish someone for a crimeRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Mandatory?925 Words   |  4 Pagesopinions on the subject. When we were discussing the death penalty although my opinion didn’t change, after hearing what some of my classmates had to say about the subject during our lab I was able to respectfully see why they had those thoughts and feelings about the subject. I believe that we should have the death penalty, and that it helps prevents more crime from happening. However, during our lab students that thought we should ban the death penalty had some pretty interesting reasons behind theirRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we all know is the death penalty. This penalty has been going around for years. To many people it might be the best way of punishing a person. On the other hand there are people who think that if you kill a person you should be sentenced to die as well. For me I would say it might not be the best way and it not working as many would like it. When choosing if you are for the death penalty you have to okay with an insect person dyei ng or even a family member being in death row. I know that is somethingRead MoreThe Death Penalty : An Effective Reliable Tool904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe death penalty has been a frequent topic of discussion, as our recent technological advancements have evidently led individuals to consider the â€Å"new found† legitimacy of our court systems, as statistics display that our previous racial bias and the apparent morality of the practice itself have a miniscule impact on our conviction rate. Both the advancements and ethics that the death penalty provides become apparent through the utilization of anecdotes and statistics, as the death penalty has prevailed

Ethics approaches free essay sample

Ethics approaches BY tealx021 Ethics in Communication After reading about the ethical considerations considering interpersonal and group communication, there are many similarities. The two differ in the sense of size. This leads to more considerations in the larger of the two, group communication, where there may be many different interpersonal relationships within the small group. However, for this analysis, like the book, I will focus on ethical considerations of the small group as a whole. Interpersonal relationships are unique in themselves, as each one is different han the next. One major ethical consideration in this context is fairness. When people are interdependent, or share mutuality, there are almost always issues of fairness or Justice that arise. These two issues are most commonly based off of individuals feelings and relational satisfaction. In our culture, this sense of Justice or fairness can be attributed to the distribution of rewards in proportion to each partners contributions. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics approaches or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Relationships are often times weighed on costs and rewards. When this cost-reward system is unbalanced in relationships, we often see issues rise. Another major consideration in interpersonal relationships is privacy and autonomy, or openness and closeness. In communication, this comes down to self- disclosure. Issues can arise if one partner in the relationship is disclosing too much or too little about themselves, and there is an unbalance between the two relational partners. One major issue in relationships is Jealousy, which can stem from any of these ethical considerations. In small-group communication, there are a few unique ethical considerations that arise. One major issue in small groups is groupthink. Groupthink is the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility. Another unique ethical consideration is issues that involve symbolic convergence within in-groups and out- groups. Symbolic convergence can create or develop stereotypes or exclusion within and outside a small group setting. Small-group and interpersonal relationships do also share ethical issues in communication. One of these is the issue of responsibility, which can be constituted as individual responsibility or the other affects responsibility of the whole relationship, and each one. In small-groups, individual responsibility can be hampered by groupthink or Symbolic convergence. In interpersonal relationships, individual responsibility can be hampered by lack of fairness, or lack of interdependence based on self-disclosure. Much or this is based on context, but interpersonal and small group communication share these same ethical considerations. Many of these ethical issues surrounding interpersonal communication can be channeled well through dialogical ethics. Dialogical ethics involves approaching decisions by considering attitudes and behaviors, and illingness or ability of each participant to surrender ones self-interest. This involves having an open mind, and viewing you and the relational partner as equals, almost putting yourself in the other persons shoes, setting aside your perceptual interpersonal relationships. I can attribute this to my own experience, as I feel many of the arguments I have with friends or family members would be solved if we each put ourselves in each others shoes. A good approach to small-group communication is the virtue ethics approach. This approach puts a lot of emphasis on character, and oesnt put a set of rules in place that could potentially cause ethical issues involved in groupthink or stereotypes. This approach would hold people accountable based on character, and would promote creativity and good ideas within a small group. In my own experience in small-groups, everything comes down to virtue, including responsibility, prudence, etc. Many issues could be solved with this approach in a small group context. Both mentioned approaches would fit well in both interpersonal and group relationships, but I feel that I have placed them in their best-fit places.

The People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn Review of Chapters 1 through 5 Essay Example

The People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn: Review of Chapters 1 through 5 Essay Howard Zinn is arguably the most important American historian. He brought a radical transformation to the construction of history that was previously unheard of. By siding with the oppressed, the underprivileged, the victims, the poor and the weak, he made their voices heard through his writing. The People’s History of the United States is a landmark scholarly achievement in this regard. It ushered in the trend of subaltern study and analysis to history departments in American Colleges (although many major educational institutions have not yet embraced this book). More importantly, the book has brought balance to historical recounting of events, where erstwhile only the elite point of view was accepted and made available to the public. In this context it is interesting to scrutinize the rationale and the thought process of the author in his choice of chapter titles and their contents. The rest of this essay is an attempt to do the same with respect to the first five chap ters of the book in question. The first chapter is titled ‘Columbus, the Indians and Human Progress’. Irony is writ large in this title, as the contents of this chapter are about one of the greatest undertakings of genocide in human history. With wry humor and a deep sense of loss, the conscientious Howard Zinn reminds us that the so-called ‘discovery’ of America is as much the ‘decimation’ of indigenous peoples of the land. Columbus Day is taught to young kids as a day of celebration and patriotic reminiscence. But as Zinn offers by way of copious factual evidence, starting from the islands of the Caribbean to lands in central America to later landings in Jamestown, Virginia, the European ‘discovery’ of America in unequivocally the start of the demise of native cultures and populations that had rightfully claimed it its home. (Chapter 1, page 7) The term ‘human progress’ is again included for its irony, for, the European settlers invariably carr ied out systematic displacement, enslavement and massacre of native Indians – all under the noble guise of ‘human progress’. In fact, Christopher Columbus and subsequent Spanish conquistadors in South America sincerely seemed to have believed that they were acting the will of Jesus Christ even as they were ordering the most heinous of crimes. (Chapter 1, page 9) We will write a custom essay sample on The People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn: Review of Chapters 1 through 5 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn: Review of Chapters 1 through 5 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn: Review of Chapters 1 through 5 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second chapter is titled ‘Drawing the Color Line’. This is a straight forward title representing one of the earliest and deep-rooted malice in American society – that of racism. The skin color of the native Indians as well as African slaves were both taken as sufficient justification for their subordinate status. As the opening lines to the chapter notes, â€Å"There is not a country in world history in which racism has been more important, for so long a time, as the United States. And the problem of â€Å"the color line,† as W. E. B. Du Bois put it, is still with us. So it is more than a purely historical question to ask: How does it start?—and an even more urgent question: How might it end? Or, to put it differently: Is it possible for whites and blacks to live together without hatred?† (Chapter 2, p.61) Right from the days of early corn and tobacco plantations in Jamestown, the labor force for working on these plantations were developed on color lines. The blacks and natives were recognized for their physical strength and dexterity to do farm work. Even between the two groups, blacks were preferred to the natives for reasons of pride. It is documented by early pioneers, how, despite their superior technology and civilization, European settlers could not compete on equal terms in taming the land and availing of its resources. Native Indians were masters at exploiting natural resources to their best advantage. The challenges of early settlers were largely to stave off starvation in light of lack of agricultural expertise. Hurt by pride to learn from the natives and adopt their savage way of life, the settlers wanted a captive labor force to create subsistence crops. African slaves provided the answer for this need. And ever since, the American population has remained divided ac ross this ‘color line’. Hence Zinn’s references this term. â€Å"This unequal treatment, this developing combination of con ­tempt and oppression, feeling and action, which we call â€Å"racism†Ã¢â‚¬â€was this the result of a â€Å"natural† antipathy of white against black? The question is important, not just as a matter of historical accuracy, but because any emphasis on â€Å"natural† racism lightens the responsibility of the social system.† (Chapter 2, page 80) Chapter 3 is titled ‘Persons of Mean and Vile Condition’. The persons of such abomination were none other than disadvantaged white settlers. The title is instructive of how the ruling elite can arbitrarily assign negative labels to groups they find inferior or un-cooperative. Here, the persons of ‘mean and vile condition’ are disgruntled white settlers pushed to the corners of the Western frontier, near to the Appalachians. They were treated as second class citizens as they were not allowed ownership of land in the more fertile Eastern regions. This gave rise to a stead accumulation of feelings of resentment and disappointment, the culmination of which was the outright militant rebellion mastered by Nathaniel Bacon. Indeed, a whole century prior to the revered American Declaration of Independence, Bacon and his contingency had given their own manifesto titled Declaration of the People. (Chapter 3, page 106) In many ways this document has more democratic credentials than its famous successor. Yet that is not how the agents of the British Crown would like to paint this uprising. Instead the participants of this legitimate uprising, borne out of perceived injustice, were marked as ‘persons of mean and vile condition’. It must be noted though that Bacon and his supporters were as much victims as victimizers, for they took out their grievances against the Crown on the innocent Indians. This duplicity and flaw is alluded to by Zinn in the following passage: â€Å"‘The Bacon’s â€Å"Declaration of the People’ of July 1676 shows a mixture of populist resentment against the rich and frontier hatred of the Indians. It indicted the Berkeley administration for unjust taxes, for putting favorites in high positions, for monopolizing the beaver trade, and for not protecting the western farmers from the Indians. Then Bacon went out to attack the friendly Pamunkey In ­dians, killing eight, taking others prisoner, plundering their pos ­sessions.† (Chapter 3, page 106)

The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976

The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 The magnitude 7.8 earthquake that struck Tangshan, China on July 28, 1976, killed at least 242,000 people (the official death count). Some observers place the actual toll as high as 700,000. The Great Tangshan Earthquake also rocked the seat of Chinese Communist Party power in Beijing - both literally and politically. Background to the Tragedy - Politics and the Gang of Four in 1976 China was in a state of political ferment in 1976. The Party Chairman, Mao Zedong, was 82 years old. He spent much of that year in the hospital, suffering several heart attacks and other complications of old age and heavy smoking. Meanwhile, the Chinese public and the western-educated Premier, Zhou Enlai, had grown weary of the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. Zhou went so far as to publicly oppose some of the measures ordered by Chairman Mao and his coterie, pushing for The Four Modernizations in 1975. These reforms stood in marked contrast to the Cultural Revolutions emphasis on a return to the soil; Zhou wanted to modernize Chinas agriculture, industry, sciences, and national defense. His calls for modernization incurred the wrath of the powerful Gang of Four, a cabal of Maoist hardliners headed by Madam Mao (Jiang Qing). Zhou Enlai died on January 8, 1976, just six months before the Tangshan Earthquake. His death was mourned widely by the Chinese people, despite the fact that the Gang of Four had ordered that public grief for Zhou should be down-played. Nonetheless, hundreds of thousands of defiant mourners flooded into Tiananmen Square in Beijing to express their sorrow over Zhous death. This was the first mass demonstration in China since the founding of the Peoples Republic in 1949, and a sure sign of the peoples rising anger against the central government. Zhou was replaced as premier by the unknown Hua Guofeng. Zhous successor as the standard-bearer for modernization within the Chinese Communist Party, however, was Deng Xiaoping. The Gang of Four rushed to denounce Deng, who had called for reforms to raise the living standards of average Chinese, allow more freedoms of expression and movement, and end the rampant political persecution that was practiced at that time. Mao fired Deng in April of 1976; he was arrested and held incommunicado. Nevertheless, Jiang Qing and her cronies kept up a steady drumbeat of condemnation for Deng throughout the spring and early summer. The Ground Shifts Beneath Them At 3:42 am on July 28, 1976, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Tangshan, an industrial city of 1 million people in northern China. The quake leveled about 85% of the buildings in Tangshan, which had been built on the unstable soil of the Luanhe Rivers flood plain. This alluvial soil liquefied during the quake, undermining entire neighborhoods. Structures in Beijing also sustained damage, some 87 miles (140 kilometers) distant. People as far away as Xian, 470 miles (756 kilometers) from Tangshan, felt the tremors. Hundreds of thousands of people lay dead after the quake, and much more were trapped in the rubble. Coal miners working deep underground in the region perished when the mines collapsed around them. A series of aftershocks, the most powerful registering 7.1 on the Richter Scale, added to the destruction. All of the roads and rail-lines leading into the city were destroyed by the quake. Beijings Internal Response At the time the earthquake struck, Mao Zedong lay dying in the hospital in Beijing. As tremors rippled through the capital, hospital officials rushed to push Maos bed to safety. The central government, headed by the new premiere, Hua Guofeng, initially knew little of the disaster. According to an article in the New York Times, coal miner Li Yulin was the first to bring word of the devastation to Beijing. Dirty and exhausted, Li drove an ambulance for six hours, going right up to the party leaders compound to report that Tangshan had been destroyed. However, it would be days before the government organized the first relief operations. In the meantime, the surviving people of Tangshan desperately dug through the rubble of their homes by hand, stacking the corpses of their loved ones in the streets. Government planes flew overhead, spraying disinfectant over the ruins in an effort to prevent an epidemic of disease. Several days after the earthquake, the first Peoples Liberation Army troops reached the devastated area to aid in rescue and recovery efforts. Even when they finally arrived at the scene, the PLA lacked trucks, cranes, medicines, and other necessary equipment. Many of the soldiers were forced to march or run for miles to the site due to the lack of passable roads and rail lines. Once there, they too were forced to dig through the rubble with their bare hands, lacking even the most basic tools. Premiere Hua made the career-saving decision to visit the affected area on August 4, where he expressed his sorrow and condolences to the survivors. According to London University professor Jung Changs autobiography, this behavior contrasted starkly with that of the Gang of Four. Jiang Qing and the other members of the Gang went on the air to remind the nation that they shouldnt allow the earthquake to distract them from their first priority: to denounce Deng. Jiang also publicly stated that There were merely several hundred thousand deaths. So what? Denouncing Deng Xiaoping concerns eight hundred million people. Beijings International Response Although the state-run media took the unusual step of announcing the catastrophe to Chinas citizens, the government remained mum about the earthquake internationally. Of course, other governments around the world were aware that a significant earthquake had taken place based on seismograph readings. However, the extent of the damage and number of casualties was not revealed until 1979, when state-run Xinhua media released the information to the world. At the time of the quake, the paranoid and insular leadership of the Peoples Republic refused all offers of international aid, even from such neutral bodies as the United Nations aid agencies and the International Committee of the Red Cross. Instead, the Chinese government urged its citizens to Resist the Earthquake and Rescue Ourselves. Physical Fallout of the Quake By the official count, 242,000 people lost their lives in the Great Tangshan Earthquake. Many experts have since speculated that the actual toll was as high as 700,000, but the true number will probably never be known. The city of Tangshan was rebuilt from the ground up, and now is home to more than 3 million people. It is known as the Brave City of China for its swift recovery from the catastrophic quake. Political Fallout of the Quake In many ways, the political repercussions of the Great Tangshan Earthquake were even more significant than the death toll and physical damage. Mao Zedong died on September 9, 1976. He was replaced as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, not by one of the radical Gang of Four, but by Premiere Hua Guofeng. Buoyed by public support after his show of concern at Tangshan, Hua boldly arrested the Gang of Four in October of 1976, ending the Cultural Revolution. Madam Mao and her cronies were put on trial in 1981 and sentenced to death for the horrors of the Cultural Revolution. Their sentences were later commuted to twenty years to life in prison, and all were eventually released. Jiang committed suicide in 1991, and the other three members of the clique have since died. Reformer Deng Xiaoping was released from prison and politically rehabilitated. He was elected Party Vice Chairman in August of 1977 and served as the de facto leader of China from 1978 through the early 1990s. Deng initiated the economic and social reforms that have allowed China to develop into a major economic power on the world stage. Conclusion The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 was the worst natural disaster of the twentieth century, in terms of loss of life. However, the earthquake proved instrumental in ending the Cultural Revolution, which was one of the worst man-made disasters of all time. In the name of the Communist struggle, the Cultural Revolutionaries destroyed the traditional culture, arts, religion, and knowledge of one of the worlds most ancient civilizations. They persecuted intellectuals, prevented the education of an entire generation, and ruthlessly tortured and killed thousands of ethnic minority members. Han Chinese, too, were subject to hideous mistreatment at the hands of the  Red Guards; an estimated 750,000 to 1.5 million people were murdered between 1966 and 1976. Although the Tangshan Earthquake caused tragic loss of life, it was key in bringing an end to one of the most horrific and abusive systems of governance that the world has ever seen. The quake shook loose the Gang of Fours hold on power and ushered in a new era of relatively increased openness and economic growth in the Peoples Republic of China. Sources Chang, Jung.  Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China, (1991). Tangshan Journal; After Eating Bitterness, 100 Flowers Blossom, Patrick E. Tyler, New York Times (January 28, 1995). Chinas Killer Quake, Time Magazine, (June 25, 1979). On This Day: July 28, BBC News Online. China marks 30th anniversary of Tangshan quake, China Daily Newspaper, (July 28, 2006). Historic Earthquakes: Tangshan, China U.S. Geological Survey, (last modified January 25, 2008).