The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976

The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 The magnitude 7.8 earthquake that struck Tangshan, China on July 28, 1976, killed at least 242,000 people (the official death count). Some observers place the actual toll as high as 700,000. The Great Tangshan Earthquake also rocked the seat of Chinese Communist Party power in Beijing - both literally and politically. Background to the Tragedy - Politics and the Gang of Four in 1976 China was in a state of political ferment in 1976. The Party Chairman, Mao Zedong, was 82 years old. He spent much of that year in the hospital, suffering several heart attacks and other complications of old age and heavy smoking. Meanwhile, the Chinese public and the western-educated Premier, Zhou Enlai, had grown weary of the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. Zhou went so far as to publicly oppose some of the measures ordered by Chairman Mao and his coterie, pushing for The Four Modernizations in 1975. These reforms stood in marked contrast to the Cultural Revolutions emphasis on a return to the soil; Zhou wanted to modernize Chinas agriculture, industry, sciences, and national defense. His calls for modernization incurred the wrath of the powerful Gang of Four, a cabal of Maoist hardliners headed by Madam Mao (Jiang Qing). Zhou Enlai died on January 8, 1976, just six months before the Tangshan Earthquake. His death was mourned widely by the Chinese people, despite the fact that the Gang of Four had ordered that public grief for Zhou should be down-played. Nonetheless, hundreds of thousands of defiant mourners flooded into Tiananmen Square in Beijing to express their sorrow over Zhous death. This was the first mass demonstration in China since the founding of the Peoples Republic in 1949, and a sure sign of the peoples rising anger against the central government. Zhou was replaced as premier by the unknown Hua Guofeng. Zhous successor as the standard-bearer for modernization within the Chinese Communist Party, however, was Deng Xiaoping. The Gang of Four rushed to denounce Deng, who had called for reforms to raise the living standards of average Chinese, allow more freedoms of expression and movement, and end the rampant political persecution that was practiced at that time. Mao fired Deng in April of 1976; he was arrested and held incommunicado. Nevertheless, Jiang Qing and her cronies kept up a steady drumbeat of condemnation for Deng throughout the spring and early summer. The Ground Shifts Beneath Them At 3:42 am on July 28, 1976, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Tangshan, an industrial city of 1 million people in northern China. The quake leveled about 85% of the buildings in Tangshan, which had been built on the unstable soil of the Luanhe Rivers flood plain. This alluvial soil liquefied during the quake, undermining entire neighborhoods. Structures in Beijing also sustained damage, some 87 miles (140 kilometers) distant. People as far away as Xian, 470 miles (756 kilometers) from Tangshan, felt the tremors. Hundreds of thousands of people lay dead after the quake, and much more were trapped in the rubble. Coal miners working deep underground in the region perished when the mines collapsed around them. A series of aftershocks, the most powerful registering 7.1 on the Richter Scale, added to the destruction. All of the roads and rail-lines leading into the city were destroyed by the quake. Beijings Internal Response At the time the earthquake struck, Mao Zedong lay dying in the hospital in Beijing. As tremors rippled through the capital, hospital officials rushed to push Maos bed to safety. The central government, headed by the new premiere, Hua Guofeng, initially knew little of the disaster. According to an article in the New York Times, coal miner Li Yulin was the first to bring word of the devastation to Beijing. Dirty and exhausted, Li drove an ambulance for six hours, going right up to the party leaders compound to report that Tangshan had been destroyed. However, it would be days before the government organized the first relief operations. In the meantime, the surviving people of Tangshan desperately dug through the rubble of their homes by hand, stacking the corpses of their loved ones in the streets. Government planes flew overhead, spraying disinfectant over the ruins in an effort to prevent an epidemic of disease. Several days after the earthquake, the first Peoples Liberation Army troops reached the devastated area to aid in rescue and recovery efforts. Even when they finally arrived at the scene, the PLA lacked trucks, cranes, medicines, and other necessary equipment. Many of the soldiers were forced to march or run for miles to the site due to the lack of passable roads and rail lines. Once there, they too were forced to dig through the rubble with their bare hands, lacking even the most basic tools. Premiere Hua made the career-saving decision to visit the affected area on August 4, where he expressed his sorrow and condolences to the survivors. According to London University professor Jung Changs autobiography, this behavior contrasted starkly with that of the Gang of Four. Jiang Qing and the other members of the Gang went on the air to remind the nation that they shouldnt allow the earthquake to distract them from their first priority: to denounce Deng. Jiang also publicly stated that There were merely several hundred thousand deaths. So what? Denouncing Deng Xiaoping concerns eight hundred million people. Beijings International Response Although the state-run media took the unusual step of announcing the catastrophe to Chinas citizens, the government remained mum about the earthquake internationally. Of course, other governments around the world were aware that a significant earthquake had taken place based on seismograph readings. However, the extent of the damage and number of casualties was not revealed until 1979, when state-run Xinhua media released the information to the world. At the time of the quake, the paranoid and insular leadership of the Peoples Republic refused all offers of international aid, even from such neutral bodies as the United Nations aid agencies and the International Committee of the Red Cross. Instead, the Chinese government urged its citizens to Resist the Earthquake and Rescue Ourselves. Physical Fallout of the Quake By the official count, 242,000 people lost their lives in the Great Tangshan Earthquake. Many experts have since speculated that the actual toll was as high as 700,000, but the true number will probably never be known. The city of Tangshan was rebuilt from the ground up, and now is home to more than 3 million people. It is known as the Brave City of China for its swift recovery from the catastrophic quake. Political Fallout of the Quake In many ways, the political repercussions of the Great Tangshan Earthquake were even more significant than the death toll and physical damage. Mao Zedong died on September 9, 1976. He was replaced as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, not by one of the radical Gang of Four, but by Premiere Hua Guofeng. Buoyed by public support after his show of concern at Tangshan, Hua boldly arrested the Gang of Four in October of 1976, ending the Cultural Revolution. Madam Mao and her cronies were put on trial in 1981 and sentenced to death for the horrors of the Cultural Revolution. Their sentences were later commuted to twenty years to life in prison, and all were eventually released. Jiang committed suicide in 1991, and the other three members of the clique have since died. Reformer Deng Xiaoping was released from prison and politically rehabilitated. He was elected Party Vice Chairman in August of 1977 and served as the de facto leader of China from 1978 through the early 1990s. Deng initiated the economic and social reforms that have allowed China to develop into a major economic power on the world stage. Conclusion The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976 was the worst natural disaster of the twentieth century, in terms of loss of life. However, the earthquake proved instrumental in ending the Cultural Revolution, which was one of the worst man-made disasters of all time. In the name of the Communist struggle, the Cultural Revolutionaries destroyed the traditional culture, arts, religion, and knowledge of one of the worlds most ancient civilizations. They persecuted intellectuals, prevented the education of an entire generation, and ruthlessly tortured and killed thousands of ethnic minority members. Han Chinese, too, were subject to hideous mistreatment at the hands of the  Red Guards; an estimated 750,000 to 1.5 million people were murdered between 1966 and 1976. Although the Tangshan Earthquake caused tragic loss of life, it was key in bringing an end to one of the most horrific and abusive systems of governance that the world has ever seen. The quake shook loose the Gang of Fours hold on power and ushered in a new era of relatively increased openness and economic growth in the Peoples Republic of China. Sources Chang, Jung.  Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China, (1991). Tangshan Journal; After Eating Bitterness, 100 Flowers Blossom, Patrick E. Tyler, New York Times (January 28, 1995). Chinas Killer Quake, Time Magazine, (June 25, 1979). On This Day: July 28, BBC News Online. China marks 30th anniversary of Tangshan quake, China Daily Newspaper, (July 28, 2006). Historic Earthquakes: Tangshan, China U.S. Geological Survey, (last modified January 25, 2008).

Top 7 Female Heroes

Top 7 Female Heroes Female Heroes You Should (Not) Know We are used to watching, listening, and reading about male heroes who rescue the world and humankind. However, we should remember that new female heroes are becoming more and more popular nowadays. In the second half of the 20th century, a special genre Wonder Woman presented a series of motion pictures about Mighty Isis and Electra Woman, which appeared on TV and became a sign of that epoch. Unfortunately, they disappeared and were forgotten in 10 years. A new century has brought a new way of thinking and philosophy. Suffragism and feminism have made a new model of the role of women in society. Now, it is hard to imagine the film without female heroes. We have different genres of films and TV programs with a great number of real or fiction female heroes. The struggle between male and female heroes is going on. Find Out More About the Top 7 Modern Female Heroes Whom You Will Probably Like Supergirl and â€Å"Supergirl† One of the most popular and well-known female DC characters is Supergirl. It appeared in action comic number 252 for the first time and became one of the favorite female superheroes thanks to her wide range of abilities flight, superpower and speed, heat and x-ray vision, invincibility and superheating. Melissa Benoist, who plays Kara Danvers, the main hero, appeared on TV series in 2015 and is still very popular. A fiction story about a Supergirl offers us to look at our relationships and behavior. Although it is a fiction story full of supernatural events and moments, it also includes a lot of real-life things. Therefore, this story attracts many viewers of different age. Syd Barrett and â€Å"Legion† Syd Barrett (Rachel Keller), one of the best female DC characters, appears in Legion, a well-known and popular TV series. Syd is isolated and suffers a lot from her ability to switch body and read thoughts through touches. Finally, she figures out that she can get on with Summerland citizens and Davil Haller (Dan Stevens). Soon, she started to learn how to control her power. Then, this female hero realized her mission in the nearest apocalypse. She had a lot of quarrels with Davil because Syd wanted to protect him. Finally, she found another way of salvation. This female superhero created her plan of how to survive in the fiction world called Legion. More than 90 percent of viewers highly recommend watching this TV series with one of the best female DC characters Syd Barrett. Go on reading to find out more about modern and popular female superheroes. Black Canary and Arrow Black Canary Arrow this phrase is so popular nowadays that it is easily recognizable among both teenagers and adults. The character appeared for the first time in flash comics as Dinah Drake; Black Canary Arrow became the favorite TV series for thousands of people thanks to its tangled and interesting plot. The main hero has a particular set of super strengths, such as sonic cry and advanced combat training, which makes her really powerful and influential. Although there are many different characters in this motion picture, we pay attention to the struggle between Black Canary and Black Siren, one more female hero. Their collaboration and temporary union depict Black Canarys will and desire to protect a big idea. Watch and find out more about the peculiarities of main male and female characters. Polaris and The Gifted Lorna Dane (Emma Dumont) and her character have appeared in comics for the first time. Lorna Dane as one of the most popular female superheroes changed through the story. She still has the same super abilities – to stop bullets and make magnetic manipulation that open fences, bring down airplanes, and even kill people. Firstly, she uses her power in different ways just following her thoughts and ideas. Then, she starts to think about the Inner Circle as a place where other mutants are born. She recognized her previous mistakes and was eager to change the current situation. Such Lorna Danes personal features make her one of the best female superheroes. Perhaps, that is why the Gifted still stays extremely popular even after the second season. We highly recommend you to watch a couple of TV series and believe that you will like it since Lorna Dane is not just a female hero; she pretends to depict human life full of diversities, changes, and troubles. We may also meet this charac ter in Disney X-men project. Killer Frost and â€Å"The Flash† The main character Killer Frost is one of the memorable female heroes. She appeared in the comic series – Fury of Firestorm: The Nuclear Man (19) as Caitlin Snow. Many people like her because a lot of them would like to have her ability to manage with cold. Killer Frost can absorb heat from external sources and convert it into waves of cold. Using this ability, Frost Slayer can create objects that consist entirely of ice, and use them both for attack (ice daggers) and defense (ice walls). She can also instantly freeze living beings through physical contact. Also in the series of comics released before the Crisis on the Endless Lands, Killer Frost could subdue men with a kiss. As usual, the plot is tangled, which makes this fiction story about female heroes even more attractive. She was an ordinary girl and fell in love with her university teacher. However, he had no feelings for her, and she was really upset. She went to the temperature chamber and became a creature that could absorb heat and transform it into cold and ice. She named herself Killer Frost and started to fight against men, especially her main enemy Firestorm. Finally, the end of the story is a little bit frustrating and disappointing. She lost the final battle with Firestorm. However, she resurrected as a Black Lantern, and it is a new chance to make a new story about female heroes. This story is a vivid example of how we fight against each other in our daily life. Many viewers may see here more than just a film about female heroes. It is much broader than it seems to be. Elasti woman and Doom Patrol April Bowlby plays Rita Farr in the Doom Patrol, a film based on the comic debut of Elasti-Girl My Greatest Adventure. Rita Farr is a typical female hero. However, she has to become a leader of the other superheroes team Doom Patrol. Her abilities to limit shapes and mass exchange allow her to be strong both as a superhero and a human. She struggles with emotions, which has a great impact on making decisions. There is a strict parallel with a typical woman prototype in our real life where women are usually more emotional than men. It is a hidden sense of this film about female heroes. It tries to make it vivid that our wives, daughters, mothers, grannies, aunts, etc. are female superheroes who are struggling with their fears, emotions, and weaknesses all the time. Although they have all those troubles, they are still female heroes for us. This story is a great chance to reconsider your thoughts and views on the relationship between women and men. Zari Tomaz and DCs Legends of tomorrow. Zari Tomaz is one of the future female heroes. It is a story about a powerful person who can make different air manipulations. This story is a part of the bigger series Legends of tomorrow. Firstly, she seems to be a typical woman, but then she realizes that she is a superhero and someone wants to catch her. The plot is built on the confrontation between two sides. There are a lot of different mentions about different gods and demons who are friends or enemies. Although it is a hero film, there are still some scenes, which represent our daily life and problems.   Why do they chase her? What will happen at the end? You may get to know all these things after watching this female superheroes motion picture. This list of the best female superheroes and female DC characters also reminds us about women who stay heroes even in daily real life full of non-fiction problems and stressful situations.

Security...See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Security...See below - Essay Example All laptops, cell phones, tablets, and gadget should be checked to mitigate this risk. Another element that is crucial to understand is collaboration with authorities. Airport personal must conduct a due diligence of collaboration with all authorities. They must create a network and collaboration in which all agencies work together to combat terrorism. This is crucial towards fighting domestic threats that are risky to this country. Moreover, a stricter immigration policy along with a solid criminal justice system here in America it would have to include making tighter rules on those applying for visa’s and green cards.   A focal point that all personnel must understand that authentication of identity is also extremely crucial. These background checks are absolutely necessary for traveling and other admin related tasks. A great enhancement in this realm is face recognition software, which can detect criminals when entering airports or even local municipalities. The new policy will ensure that all offenses including prior crimes such as identity theft, fraudulent documents creation, biological threat, and etc. Special issue: Intelligence, governance and the interagency. (n.d.). Special issue: Intelligence, governance and the interagency. Retrieved May 26, 2014, from